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Download Summary:. Data must be in format provided by read-host -assecurestring or ConvertTo-SecureString. SkipPreChecks Does not run the prerequisite checks before starting installation. It is not advisable to use this setting. WhatIf Shows what would happen if the cmdlet runs. The cmdlet is not run. Specifying Windows PowerShell Credentials You can specify credentials without revealing them in plain text on screen by using Get-credential.
If not specified as an argument, the cmdlet prompts you to enter and confirm a masked password. For example, you can manually prompt for a password by using the Read-Host cmdlet to prompt the user for a secure string.
As the previous option does not confirm the password, use extreme caution: the password is not visible. You can also provide a secure string as a converted clear-text variable, although this is highly discouraged:. Providing or storing a clear text password is not recommended. Anyone running this command in a script or looking over your shoulder knows the DSRM password of that domain controller.
With that knowledge, they can impersonate the domain controller itself and elevate their privilege to the highest level in an Active Directory forest.
The test cmdlets runs only the prerequisite checks for the installation operation; no installation settings are configured. The arguments for each test cmdlet are the same as for the corresponding installation cmdlet, but "SkipPreChecks is not available for test cmdlets. The command syntax for installing a new forest is as follows. Optional arguments appear within square brackets. The -DomainNetBIOSName argument is required if you want to change the character name that is automatically generated based on the DNS domain name prefix or if the name exceeds 15 characters.
For example, to install a new forest named corp. To install a new forest named corp. The command syntax for installing a new domain is as follows. The -credential argument is only required when you are not currently logged on as a member of the Enterprise Admins group. The command syntax for installing an additional domain controller is as follows. To install a domain controller and DNS server in the corp. If the computer is already domain joined and you are a member of the Domain Admins group, you can use:.
The command syntax to create an RODC account is as follows. The command syntax to attach a server to an RODC account is as follows. Then run the following commands on the server that you want to attach to the RODC1 account. The server cannot be joined to the domain. First, install the AD DS server role and management tools:. Press Y to confirm or include the "confirm argument to prevent the confirmation prompt.
The following sections explain how to create server pools in order to install and manage AD DS on multiple servers, and how to use the wizards to install AD DS. Server Manager can pool other servers on the network as long as they are accessible from the computer running Server Manager.
Once pooled, you choose those servers for remote installation of AD DS or any other configuration options possible within Server Manager. The computer running Server Manager automatically pools itself. For more information about server pools, see Add Servers to Server Manager. In order to manage a domain-joined computer using Server Manager on a workgroup server, or vice-versa, additional configuration steps are needed.
The credential requirements to install AD DS vary depending on which deployment configuration you choose. For more information, see Credential requirements to run Adprep. The steps can be performed locally or remotely. For more detailed explanation of these steps, see the following topics:. Deploying a Forest with Server Manager. On the Select installation type page, click Role-based or feature-based installation and then click Next. On the Select destination server page, click Select a server from the server pool , click the name of the server where you want to install AD DS and then click Next.
To select remote servers, first create a server pool and add the remote servers to it. For more information about creating server pools, see Add Servers to Server Manager. On the Select features page, select any additional features you want to install and click Next. On the Results page, verify that the installation succeeded, and click Promote this server to a domain controller to start the Active Directory Domain Services Configuration Wizard. If you are installing an additional domain controller in an existing domain, click Add a domain controller to an existing domain , and type the name of the domain for example, emea.
The name of the domain and current user credentials are supplied by default only if the machine is domain-joined and you are performing a local installation. If you are installing AD DS on a remote server, you need to specify the credentials, by design. If current user credentials are not sufficient to perform the installation, click Change If you are installing a new child domain, click Add a new domain to an existing forest , for Select domain type , select Child Domain , type or browse to the name of the parent domain DNS name for example, corp.
If you are installing a new domain tree, click Add new domain to an existing forest , for Select domain type , choose Tree Domain , type the name of the root domain for example, corp. If you are installing a new forest, click Add a new forest and then type the name of the root domain for example, corp.
For more information about which options on this page are available or not available under different conditions, see Domain Controller Options. For more information, see Password Replication Policy. If you are adding a domain controller to an existing domain, select the domain controller that you want to replicate the AD DS installation data from or allow the wizard to select any domain controller.
If you are installing from media, click Install from media path type and verify the path to the installation source files, and then click Next. You cannot use install from media IFM to install the first domain controller in a domain. IFM does not work across different operating system versions. In other words, in order to install an additional domain controller that runs Windows Server by using IFM, you must create the backup media on a Windows Server domain controller.
On the Preparation Options page, type credentials that are sufficient to run adprep. On the Review Options page, confirm your selections, click View script if you want to export the settings to a Windows PowerShell script, and then click Next.
On the Prerequisites Check page, confirm that prerequisite validation completed and then click Install. On the Results page, verify that the server was successfully configured as a domain controller. The server will be restarted automatically to complete the AD DS installation. In the second stage, a server is attached to the RODC account.
The second stage can be completed by a member of the Domain Admins group or a delegated domain user or group. In the Tasks Pane right pane , click Pre-create a read-only domain controller account. On the Network Credentials page, under Specify the account credentials to use to perform the installation , click My current logged on credentials or click Alternate credentials , and then click Set.
In the Windows Security dialog box, provide the user name and password for an account that can install the additional domain controller. To install an additional domain controller, you must be a member of the Enterprise Admins group or the Domain Admins group. When you are finished providing credentials, click Next. On the Select a Site page, select a site from the list or select the option to install the domain controller in the site that corresponds to the IP address of the computer on which you are running the wizard, and then click Next.
Using virtual machines makes it possible to have many different configurations of domain controllers. Careful consideration must be given to the way that virtual machines affect boundaries and trusts in your Active Directory topology. Possible configurations for an Active Directory domain controller and host Hyper-V server and its guest computers virtual machines running on the Hyper-V server are described in the following table.
A VHD file of a virtual domain controller is equivalent to the physical hard drive of a physical domain controller. As such, it should be protected with the same amount of care that goes into securing the hard drive of a physical domain controller. Make sure that only reliable and trusted administrators are allowed access to the domain controller's VHD files. One benefit of RODCs is the ability to place them at locations where physical security cannot be guaranteed, such as at branch offices.
You can use Windows BitLocker Drive Encryption to protect VHD files themselves not the file systems therein from being compromised on the host through theft of the physical disk.
With the new microkernel bit architecture, there are significant increases in Hyper-V performance from previous virtualization platforms. For best host performance, the host should be a Server Core installation of Windows Server or later, and it should not have server roles other than Hyper-V installed. Performance of virtual machines depends specifically on the workload. To guarantee satisfactory Active Directory performance, test specific topologies. Assess the current workload over a period of time with a tool such as the Reliability and Performance Monitor Perfmon.
The MAP tool can also be valuable if you want to take an inventory of all of the servers and server roles that currently exist in your network. To get a general idea of the performance of virtualized domain controllers, the following performance tests were carried out with the Active Directory Performance Testing Tool ADTest. Only one logical processor was used for the physical computer, and only one virtual processor was used for the virtual machine to easily reach percent CPU utilization.
In the following table, the letter and number in parenthesis after each test indicate the specific test in ADTest. As this data shows, virtualized domain controller performance was 88 to 98 percent of the physical domain controller performance. During the installation process, it may be necessary to use emulated Integrated Drive Electronics IDE or network adapter drivers. In production environments, you should replace these emulated drivers with synthetic drivers to increase performance.
When you monitor performance of virtual machines with Reliability and Performance Manager Perfmon. Also, do not plan to use a differencing disk VHD on a virtual machine that is configured as a domain controller because the differencing disk VHD can reduce performance.
For additional information regarding AD DS in virtual hosting environments, see Things to consider when you host Active Directory domain controllers in virtual hosting environments in the Microsoft Knowledge Base. There are several common virtual machine practices that you should avoid when you deploy domain controllers, and special considerations for time synchronization and storage.
Virtualization platforms, such as Hyper-V, offer a number of convenience features that make managing, maintaining, backing up, and migrating computers easier. However, the following common deployment practices and features should not be used for virtual domain controllers:.
Do not implement differencing disk virtual hard disks VHDs on a virtual machine that you are configuring as a domain controller. This makes it too easy to revert to a previous version, and it also decreases performance.
Do not deploy new Active Directory domains and forests on a copy of a Windows Server operating system that was not first prepared using System Preparation tool Sysprep. To help prevent a potential update sequence number USN rollback situation, do not use copies of a VHD file that represents an already deployed domain controller to deploy additional domain controllers.
Do not use the Hyper-V Export feature to export a virtual machine that is running a domain controller. It also provides the ability to migrate a physical machine to a virtual machine. This process is known as physical-to-virtual machine conversion P2V conversion. During the P2V conversion process, the new virtual machine and the physical domain controller that is being migrated must not be running at the same time, to avoid a USN rollback situation as described in USN and USN Rollback.
You should perform P2V conversion using offline mode so that the directory data is consistent when the domain controller is turned back on. The offline mode option is offered and recommended in the Convert Physical Server Wizard. During P2V conversion, the virtual machine should not be connected to the network.
The network adapter of the virtual machine should be enabled only after the P2V conversion process is complete and verified. At this point, the physical source machine will be off. Do not bring the physical source machine back onto the network again before you reformat the hard disk. This also helps avoiding problems with hardware or platform-related problems P2V-converted virtual guests may encounter.
To prevent issues with Active Directory replication, ensure that only one instance physical or virtual of a given domain controller exists on a given network at any point in time. You can lower the likelihood of the old clone being a problem:. You can migrate production domain controllers from physical machines to virtual machines to create a test environment without permanently bringing down the production domain controllers.
However, the test environment must be on a different network from the production environment if two instances of the same domain controller are to exist. Great care must be taken in the creation of test environments with P2V migration to avoid USN rollbacks that can affect your test and production environments.
The following is a method that you can use for creating test environments with P2V. One in-production domain controller from each domain is migrated to a test virtual machine using P2V according to the guidelines stated in the Physical-to-virtual migration section. The physical production machines and the test virtual machines must be in different networks when they are brought back online. To avoid USN rollbacks in the test environment, all domain controllers that are to be migrated from physical machines to virtual machines must be taken offline.
After the domain controllers are offline, no new updates should be introduced to the environment. The computers must remain offline during the P2V migration; none of the computers should be brought back online until all the computers have been fully migrated.
For virtual machines that are configured as domain controllers, it is recommended that you disable time synchronization between the host system and guest operating system acting as a domain controller. This enables your guest domain controller to synchronize time from the domain hierarchy. To disable the Hyper-V time synchronization provider, shut down the VM and clear the Time synchronization check box under Integration Services.
This guidance has been recently updated to reflect the current recommendation to synchronize time for the guest domain controller from only the domain hierarchy, rather than the previous recommendation to partially disable time synchronization between the host system and guest domain controller. To optimize the performance of the domain controller virtual machine and ensure durability of Active Directory writes, use the following recommendations for storing operating system, Active Directory, and VHD files:.
Guest storage. Store the Active Directory database file Ntds. FUA ensures that the operating system writes and reads data directly from the media bypassing any and all caching mechanisms.
Host storage of VHD files. Recommendations: Host storage recommendations address storage of VHD files. For maximum performance, do not store VHD files on a disk that is used frequently by other services or applications, such as the system disk on which the host Windows operating system is installed. The ideal configuration is to store each VHD file on a separate physical drive. The host physical disk system must also satisfy at least one of the following criteria to meet the requirements of virtualized workload data integrity:.
Fixed VHD versus pass-through disks. There are many ways to configure storage for virtual machines. Pass-through disks, which virtual machines can use to access physical storage media, are even more optimized for performance.
Pass-through disks are essentially physical disks or logical unit numbers LUNs that are attached to a virtual machine. Pass-through disks do not support the snapshot feature.
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