Doxorubicin will be administered as per the schedule specified in the respective arm. Epirubicin will be administered as per the schedule specified in the respective arm. Paclitaxel will be administered as per the schedule specified in the respective arm. Pertuzumab will be administered as per the schedule specified in the respective arm. Trastuzumab will be administered as per the schedule specified in the respective arm.
Placebo will be administered as per the schedule specified in the respective arm. Outcome Measures. Percentage of participants with DFS event is reported. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the percentage of participants who were DFS event-free at Year 3 is reported.
Percentage of participants who died due to any cause is reported. The Kaplan-Meier approach was used to estimate the percentage of participants who were alive at 3 years. Percentage of participants with RFI event is reported. Kaplan-Meier estimate of the percentage of participants who were RFI event-free at Year 3 is reported. Percentage of participants with DRFI event is reported.
LVEF is the fraction of blood in percent pumped out of the heart's left ventricular chamber with each heart beat, and is a measure of cardiac output for the heart. Eligibility Criteria. Information from the National Library of Medicine Choosing to participate in a study is an important personal decision.
Contacts and Locations. Information from the National Library of Medicine To learn more about this study, you or your doctor may contact the study research staff using the contact information provided by the sponsor. Please refer to this study by its ClinicalTrials.
Permanente - S. Rankweil, Austria, Lkh Salzburg - Univ. Klinikum Salzburg; Iii. Medizinische Abt. Salzburg, Austria, A. Interne Abt. Catharines Site St. Col, Huazhong Univ. Marien GmbH; Med. Lueck, Dr. Schrader und Dr. Poliklinik f. Geburtshilfe u. Venuta; Centro Oncologico T. Di Busto P. Di Saronno; U. Onkologii im. Sklodowskiej-Curie Panstw.
Bad; Klinika Nowtw. Piersi i Chir. The overall survival OS did not significantly differ between the two arms in the earlier analysis.
The current study reports on the six-year interim analysis of OS and an updated descriptive analysis of IDFS and cardiac safety. The data cutoff for this updated OS analysis was June 19, , corresponding to a median follow-up time of After six years of follow-up, Piccart and colleagues found in this descriptive analysis of IDFS that among the overall population, those in the pertuzumab arm had a reduced relative risk of breast cancer recurrence or death by 24 percent compared with the placebo arm.
Similar to their previous findings, Piccart and colleagues found that patients whose cancer had spread to their lymph nodes continued to derive greatest clinical benefit with the addition of pertuzumab to standard treatments.
In thesix-year updated analysis, the researchers found that, among patients with node-positive disease, the IDFS in the pertuzumab arm was The addition of pertuzumabto trastuzumab and chemotherapy after surgery translated to a reduced relative risk of recurrence by 28 percent in this cohort.
In this updated analysis, one additional primary cardiac event was reported in the pertuzumab arm, and one additional secondary cardiac event was reported in each arm; no new cardiac safety concerns emerged, noted Piccart.
Abstract Chimeric antigen receptor CAR T-cell therapy is an innovative form of immunotherapy wherein autologous T-cells are genetically modified to express chimeric receptors encoding an antigen-specific single-chain variable fragment and costimulatory molecules.
Introduction Breast cancer has consistently been characterized as a leading cause of death in women. Open in a separate window. Figure 1. Discussion Details of CAR-T Therapy Clinical trials often focus on disseminated tumor cells that lay dormant for years but have metastatic potential in breast cancer patients. Current Targets and Chimeric Antigens The various types of antigens recognized by CAR T-cells can be extended to carbohydrates and glycolipids that are often modified in cancer cell Immunotherapy Combination Therapy The future of antitumor therapeutics will most likely encompass cell-based therapy in addition to chemotherapy as it is unlikely that CAR T-cell treatment will successfully eradicate a tumor on its own Conclusions While the results of immunotherapy through CAR T-cells have been monumental in cancer therapy, further understanding of the inhibitory tumor microenvironment is needed.
References 1. Risk Factors and Preventions of Breast Cancer. Int J Biol Sci. Seely JM, Alhassan T. Screening for breast cancer in what should we be doing today? Curr Oncol.
Alkabban FM, Ferguson T. Breast Cancer. Treasure Island FL Abdulkareem IH. Aetio-pathogenesis of breast cancer. Niger Med J. Awareness and current knowledge of breast cancer. Biol Res. New and important changes in breast cancer TNM: incorporation of biologic factors into staging. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther. Update on the management of early-stage breast cancer.
Aust J Gen Pract. Czajka ML, Pfeifer C. Breast Cancer Surgery. Front Oncol. J Immunol Res. T-cell-based breast cancer immunotherapy. Semin Cancer Biol. Curr Pharm Biotechnol. Int J Mol Sci. CAR T cell therapy for breast cancer: harnessing the tumor milieu to drive T cell activation. J Immunother Cancer. Transfus Med Hemother.
Breast Cancer Auckl ; 9 — CAR T-cell therapy of solid tumors. Immunol Cell Biol. Immunotherapy in breast cancer. J Carcinog. Development of CAR T cells designed to improve antitumor efficacy and safety. Pharmacol Ther. Zhao L, Cao YJ. Front Immunol. JCI Insight. Effective adoptive immunotherapy of triple-negative breast cancer by folate receptor-alpha redirected CAR T cells is influenced by surface antigen expression level.
J Hematol Oncol. Curr Trends Immunol. A tumor specific antibody to aid breast cancer screening in women with dense breast tissue. Genes Cancer. Integrin activation controls metastasis in human breast cancer. CAR T cells targeting alphavbeta3 integrin are effective against advanced cancer in preclinical models.
The reason for this might be explained by the role of HFR in tumor aggressiveness [ 7 ], although this warrants further investigation. In a recent study, patients with apocrine differentiation had similar DFS and OS compared with patients with invasive ductal carcinoma [ 26 ].
In our study, neither the presence of apocrine differentiation nor the expression of HFR had any impact in prognosis. We acknowledge that our study has some limitations. It is a retrospective analysis with a small number of samples, which could have affected our final results for the rates of HFR. We did not analyze the expression of HFR in other metastatic sites.
However, despite these limitations, to the best of our knowledge this is the first study to report the incidence of HFR expression in BM from breast cancer and provides an insight into the correlation of expression between PT and distant metastasis. Around half of our patients had apocrine differentiation in their tumors. While this work requires validation in a larger cohort, these findings should prompt caution prior to conducting clinical trials in breast cancer patients with anti-HFR therapies.
From these 25 patients, we had a total of 19 BM and 13 PT available in our tumor bank, which were included in this analysis. All samples were formalin fixed paraffin embedded FFPE. Two cores were taken from each tumor. Ovarian serous papillary carcinoma was used as the positive control.
The staining for the HFR was scored using the H-score method score range 0 — , which is the sum of the product of staining intensity range 0 — 3 and percentage of stained cells range 0 — We used the clinical database of patients with BCBM from the University of Pittsburgh to collect the clinical information from the patients included in this study.
Patients with leptomeningeal disease or dural metastases without parenchymal brain metastatic lesions were excluded from the study. Three patients had missing clinical data. Patients were diagnosed with breast cancer between April and May Information collected included age at diagnosis, demographic data, menopausal status, date of diagnosis, tumor histology and grade, stage at diagnosis, estrogen receptor ER , progesterone receptor PR and human epidermal growth factor 2 HER2 receptor status, dates and types of all treatments -including chemotherapy, hormonal therapies and targeted agents-, response to each treatment, survival status, date and location of distant metastasis, number of brain metastasis, and date of last follow-up or death.
Patient and tumor characteristics are described by medians and frequencies. Disease free survival DFS was calculated as the time from diagnosis of breast cancer until the date of recurrence. Overall survival OS was the primary endpoint chosen to assess prognosis and was defined as the time from diagnosis of breast cancer until death from any cause or last follow-up for patients that were censored.
Survival probabilities were estimated using the Kaplan Meier method. Log-Rank test analyzed differences in OS between groups. Alpha level of 0. Analysis was conducted using Stata We want to thank the University of Iowa Libraries for the support for this publication. Komen for the Cure. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Oncotarget v. Published online Jun Theisen , 2 Ronald L. Hamilton , 2 Adrian V. Lee , 3 and Adam M.
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